Discuss the problems that a ship manager faces with various Essay - 1

Discuss the problems that a ship manager faces with various legislations on bunker fuels for a handymax bulk carrier that trades between North Europe and the - Essay Example veral changes in ship dimensions, cargoes carried, and general market trends during the past 25 years as a response to rapid growth of world trade and the shift in maritime markets. At the same time, there have been remarable amendments in regulations of maritime safety especially in transport of bunker fuels in bulk carrier and handymax segement. Hence, the ship manager of Handymax bulk carrier that carries bunker fuels and travels from USA to North Europe faces major problem as there is a difference between maritime regulations of USA and Europe. He has to address the technical problems due to change in legislations and he has to apply management principles for dealing these problems efficiently while manageing the bunker fuels in handymax bulk carriers between North Europe and USA. The ship manager has little flexibility in expansion due to changes maritime regulations regarding the management of bunker fuels are concerned. These regulations are made by international organizations like the International Maritime Organization and the European Union or by individual countries. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is mainly responsible for the implementation of maritime safety matters internationally which regulates the activities relating to safety at sea, pollution prevention (MARPOL), security (ISPS Code), standards of construction of offshore installations and matters relating to the non-economic issues of maritime transportation of bunker fuels. However, he faces more problems due to different regulations adopted in USA and Europe. For example, Environment Protection (Ships Ballast Water) Regulations 2006 restricts the ship manager’s choices while managing the bunker fuels in handymax bulk carriers entering Europe (EPA Victoria, 2007). This l egislation introduced by the Victorian Government speicifies ballast water reporting requirements for owners and masters of ships with capacity to carry ballast water. It also declares offences for

Globalisation and Mass Media (Media Relations) Essay

Globalisation and Mass Media (Media Relations) - Essay Example Different theorists and practitioners of development differed in their emphasis, but they all agreed that rapid economic growth is the strategy of modernization. Moore argued, "what is involved in modernization is a 'total' transformation of a traditional or pre-modern society into the types of technology and associated social organization that characterize the 'advanced' economically prosperous, and relatively politically stable nations of the western world" (89). The leaders of new states in the Third World objected to how the existing international order had seemingly neglected their interests. Thus, they formed pressure groups, such as the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964, to promote an independent path between the interests of the communist and capitalist world and to win some reforms in the international economy, respectively. From the 1950s to 1970s, the major strategy used in the Third World was import-substitution, which involved the development of a domestic industrial sector, with the long-term aim of capturing lucrative export markets. The state had to protect new producers from competition from cheaper foreign imports, through high tariffs or import controls, and initial investments were poured into consumer goods industries. (Kiely 29; ch. 1). State planning became the basis for post-war development in order to raise productivity and output of both the industrial, and the agricultural sectors. In this regard, many Third World countries, such as Mexico, the Philippines and India actively implemented the strategy of introducing a technological package starting in the 1950s and onward, with the support of American pro-development institutions, like the Rockefeller Foundation. By the late 1960s, however, the Third World's dream of a better life was shattered. Official measures of development, such as Gross National Product (GNP), failed to show the distribution of such income within a country or whether people's basic needs are provided (Kiely 29: ch. 1). A revised development strategy based on the ideas of 'redistribution and growth' and 'basic needs' was introduced by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1972 and the World Bank in 1973, respectively. The World Bank focused on increasing the productivity of the small farmer to stimulate economic growth and eliminate rural poverty, while the ILO concentrated on developing "appropriate labour-intensive technologies" (Kiely 30: ch. 1). However, these strategies failed because only a few states in the Third World had been concerned about alleviating the sufferings of the poor. Also, transnational companies/local capitalist enterprises that had invested their money in the Third World were more concerned about getting high rates of returns on investments (ROI) than in providing more employment opportunities. The debt crisis in the early 1980s ushered the neo-liberal 'counter revolution', "The Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates was effectively abandoned between 1971 and 1973," (Kiely 30: ch. 1; Brett 111-25) and had no successful replacement, with the